Although "low tech" methods of genetic modification of plants and animals is as old as humankind's selection of particular strains of plants or breeds of animals or the use of micro-organisms to produce cheese, modern biotechnological tools have brought about a revolution in the extent to which organisms can be modified. Genetic material from a single cell of a micro-organism, a plant, or an animal can be taken and "inserted" into another organism, thereby conferring resistance to disease or pesticide. The resulting genetically modified organism (GMO) or living modified organism (LMO) has the potential to increase yields, grow in marginal habitats or reduce the need for fertiliser. However, there is widespread concern that GMO's and LMO's might pose severe threats to natural ecosystems (and hence biodiversity) if they "escape" and are "super-invaders."

In January 2000, governments adopted the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in an attempt to ensure safer transfer, handling and use of genetically modified or living modified organisms. The Kingdom needs to take action in line with the Cartagena Protocol. Amongst others, these will include: